23/04/10
Things with enzymes
-detergents -jam
comes from fruits
-fruits
a container for seeds
-storage roots e.g. potato
contains starch
for plant to grow
has another enzyme besides diatase - catalase
-seeds
contains genetic material
contains starch, possibly protein
enzymes(diatase) in seeds to digest starch, to provide energy(maltose then glucose) for growth
starch to glucose, water is needed - the process is called hydrolysis
opposite of hydrolysis is condensation, water is given off
to kill seeds, heat them
ENZYMES definition
-biological catalysts
-that speed up reactions
-complex protein or conjugated proteins
-produced by living cells
-highly specific
-affected by temperature and pH
Decomposition:
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) -> H2O + O2
can add liver or potato (because they contain catalase) for decomposition reaction
liver is chemical catalyst
potato is biological catalyst
Types of enzyme action
-anabolic
e.g. photosynthesis
synthesizes products
-catabolic
e.g. digestion
e.g. catalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
breaks down products
Apples turn brown (oxidation)
-enzymes speed up the process of oxidation
-for a cooked apple, enzymes had been denatured that’s why it doesn’t oxidise after one hour
-but may turn brown if left for longer
For detergents, don’t use warm temperature of the water because enzymes in the water will get denatured and won’t be as effective
Pepsin found in stomach
Chymotrypsin and trypsin(protease) found in small intestine
MAKING SUGAR
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of making sugar from starch, instead of using cane sugar?
Advantages:
-it is faster and more efficient than having to grow sugar cane
-more sugar can be obtained since starch is in much more abundance than sugar cane
Disadvantages:
-more technology is required
-sugar becomes discoloured and is probably not as pure
-high temperatures needed in the process means more energy wasted
What is hydrolysis?
-the process of converting starch to glucose
What are the advantages of using enzymes to make glucose from starch, instead of using boiling acid?
-it is a much faster and cheaper alternative
-it is safe
-glucose obtained is much more pure and not discoloured
Why would Aspergillus secrete amylase externally in nature?
-to break down the material it is growing on, so that it can grow on it
-to obtain nutrients from the material it is growing on, it needs to break it down
If you were a food manufacturer, why would you want to replace glucose with a sugar that was twice as sweet?
-food can then be sweeter and more tasty
-sales will then go up
What factors affect how well an enzyme works?
-temperature
-pH
-presence of inhibitors
Which conditions inside the bioreactor will have to be constantly measured and controlled?
-temperature
-pH
Why is it possible that the enzymes can be reused as many times as possible?
-they are not denatured, since temperature and pH are kept at optimum
-they can break down other starch molecules which have about the same shape as theirs (lock and key)
From your knowledge of the plasma membrane, describe where the enzymes would be stuck in.
-the plasma membrane itself
-many proteins can be found in the membrane
Name a few other uses of enzymes found in your home or industry.
-used to make beer
-used in detergents and cleaning agents
Things with enzymes
-detergents
-jam
comes from fruits
-fruits
a container for seeds
-storage roots e.g. potato
contains starch
for plant to grow
has another enzyme besides diatase - catalase
-seeds
contains genetic material
contains starch, possibly protein
enzymes(diatase) in seeds to digest starch, to provide energy(maltose then glucose) for growth
starch to glucose, water is needed - the process is called hydrolysis
opposite of hydrolysis is condensation, water is given off
to kill seeds, heat them
ENZYMES definition
-biological catalysts
-that speed up reactions
-complex protein or conjugated proteins
-produced by living cells
-highly specific
-affected by temperature and pH
Decomposition:
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) -> H2O + O2
can add liver or potato (because they contain catalase) for decomposition reaction
liver is chemical catalyst
potato is biological catalyst
Types of enzyme action
-anabolic
e.g. photosynthesis
synthesizes products
-catabolic
e.g. digestion
e.g. catalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
breaks down products
Apples turn brown (oxidation)
-enzymes speed up the process of oxidation
-for a cooked apple, enzymes had been denatured that’s why it doesn’t oxidise after one hour
-but may turn brown if left for longer
For detergents, don’t use warm temperature of the water because enzymes in the water will get denatured and won’t be as effective
Pepsin found in stomach
Chymotrypsin and trypsin(protease) found in small intestine
MAKING SUGAR
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of making sugar from starch, instead of using cane sugar?
Advantages:
-it is faster and more efficient than having to grow sugar cane
-more sugar can be obtained since starch is in much more abundance than sugar cane
Disadvantages:
-more technology is required
-sugar becomes discoloured and is probably not as pure
-high temperatures needed in the process means more energy wasted
What is hydrolysis?
-the process of converting starch to glucose
What are the advantages of using enzymes to make glucose from starch, instead of using boiling acid?
-it is a much faster and cheaper alternative
-it is safe
-glucose obtained is much more pure and not discoloured
Why would Aspergillus secrete amylase externally in nature?
-to break down the material it is growing on, so that it can grow on it
-to obtain nutrients from the material it is growing on, it needs to break it down
If you were a food manufacturer, why would you want to replace glucose with a sugar that was twice as sweet?
-food can then be sweeter and more tasty
-sales will then go up
What factors affect how well an enzyme works?
-temperature
-pH
-presence of inhibitors
Which conditions inside the bioreactor will have to be constantly measured and controlled?
-temperature
-pH
Why is it possible that the enzymes can be reused as many times as possible?
-they are not denatured, since temperature and pH are kept at optimum
-they can break down other starch molecules which have about the same shape as theirs (lock and key)
From your knowledge of the plasma membrane, describe where the enzymes would be stuck in.
-the plasma membrane itself
-many proteins can be found in the membrane
Name a few other uses of enzymes found in your home or industry.
-used to make beer
-used in detergents and cleaning agents